Visible solid-point out lasers according to laser crystals are compact and light. Lasers from deep pink to blue have been described. Specially, there were many reviews on Pr3+ doped laser crystals, and constant wave lasers around 490 nm are already achieved. Ti∶sapphire is the main get crystal for ultrafast lasers. Superintense ultrafast lasers with peak electrical power starting from quite a few hundred terawatts to 10 petawatts need superior-quality and huge-sized Ti∶sapphire crystal. The origin of defect related optical absorption in Ti∶sapphire and The expansion of huge-sized superior-top quality crystals are two important difficulties that urgently must be dealt with. Recently, we analyzed the mechanism of defect related optical absorption in Ti∶sapphire theoretically, and grew big-sized significant-top quality crystals by means of warmth Trade technique. The leading activating ions for one μm laser crystals are Nd3+ and Yb3+. Nd∶YAG is the most generally utilised laser crystal. Lately, we explored many new Nd3+ doped fluoride and oxide laser crystals, and solved the emission cross portion challenge of Nd∶Lu3Al5O12. SIOM noted a new form of laser crystal Yb∶GdScO3, of which the gain bandwidth is about 85 nm. The normally employed activation ions for two μm laser crystals are Tm3+ and Ho3+. Tm3+ might be right pumped by laser diode. Ho3+ has larger sized stimulated emission cross segment, and its emission wavelength is extended than two μm. We studied The expansion, spectroscopy, and laser general performance of Tm∶LiYF4, Tm∶LiLuF4, Ho∶LiYF4, Tm,Ho∶LiYF4, and Tm,Ho∶LiLuF4 crystals.

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为了使激光器有效运作，需要有效管理运行过程中产生的热量。具有良好热导率的激光晶体可以更有效地散热，防止热透镜效应或断裂。

激光晶体（laser crystal），可将外界提供的能量通过光学谐振腔转化为在空间和时间上相干的具有高度平行性和单色性激光的晶体材料。是晶体激光器的工作物质。

Which geometry, dopant and doping focus on the attain medium are most beneficial depend upon numerous components. The offered pump resource (style of laser diode or lamp) as well as envisaged pumping arrangement are essential components, but the material by itself also has some impact. One example is, titanium–sapphire lasers should be pumped with high intensities, for which the shape of the transversely cooled rod, operated with comparatively smaller pump and laser beam diameter, is more appropriate than e.

晶体的光学质量对激光器的有效运行至关重要。晶体中的缺陷或杂质可能导致光散射、吸收甚至损坏晶体。高光学质量确保了稳定和高质量的激光束。

活性离子在激光晶体内发生的能量跃迁对激光操作至关重要。大多数激光操作都是通过四能级系统原理进行的，确保连续操作并防止浪费的非辐射衰变。

The most attainable doping focus can count strongly over the host materials and its fabrication system.

A few laser crystal components are Laser Crystal already shown wherever some saturable absorber product is integrated for passive Q switching of a laser.

热膨胀和收缩系数对确定激光晶体的热透镜特性至关重要。最小化热透镜效应对于在广泛的操作温度范围内保持光束质量至关重要。

People surfaces that are handed from the laser beam are Commonly both oriented at Brewster's angle or have an anti-reflection coating.

主体材料中活性离子掺杂物的数量是关键因素。它影响了激光的效率和性能。过低的浓度可能导致低输出，过高的浓度可能导致消光效应，降低晶体的效率。

In 2017, we developed the whole world’s largest Ti∶sapphire crystal (Φ235 mm), which supported The ten PW laser output of Shanghai Superintense Ultrafast Laser Facility. The event of Yb and Tm doped GdScO3 laser crystals with really extensive emission spectra drives the development of laser diode pumped ultrafast strong-point out lasers. With the rise in pulse Power, peak energy, and repetition level of reliable-state lasers, laser crystals will establish to greater sizes, better crystal good quality, and controllable key effectiveness.

It may be oriented for in the vicinity of perpendicular incidence in the laser beam, or at Brewster's angle. It might be set in a few solid mount which also acts for a heat sink. Greater crystals are often employed for facet pumping e.g. with higher-electricity diode bars.

人造红宝石激光晶体是首次实现激光输出的材料。可用焰熔法、提拉法或助熔剂法生产单晶。用提拉法容易获得大尺寸优质晶体。